“How much does a school bus weigh?”
“How many people are currently online in Germany?”
“How many windows are there in New York City?”
And, most importantly: “How the heck do you answer these crazy questions?”
Because if you’re interviewing for a tech job, chances are you’ll get thrown one of these curveballs at some point during the selection process. And when you do, you don’t want to totally whiff.
So to make sure that you’re ready to handle just about anything, let me share 9 steps that helped me earn offers at Apple, Amazon, Microsoft, LinkedIn, and VC-backed startups.
1) Understand What the Interviewer Wants
It’s easy to get flustered if you assume that this is the same kind of question you might find on a multiple-choice test — i.e., there’s one right answer and lots of wrong ones.
Instead, think about it from the interviewer’s perspective. She needs to find someone who can succeed in this job — not someone who’s great at counting windows. So what she really wants to know is whether you can handle the rigors of a crazy tech job:
Dealing with uncertainty
Thinking analytically
Communicating clearly
Thus, take a deep breath and focus on demonstrating your curiosity, logical analysis, and clear communication — not on the answer itself!
2) Clarify the Question
To demonstrate your curiosity, start by asking some clarifying questions. For instance, if you’ve been asked how many windows are in New York (PS: here’s a list I’ve collected of other tech brainteasers), you might respond by asking:
“When you say windows, do you only mean building windows or are you also thinking of subways, computers, and exhibits at the Bronx Zoo?”
This not only shows off your curiosity; it can also save you tons of agony. Because if it turns out that your interviewer only cares about building windows, this question just became a whole lot simpler.
3) Ask for Time
Now, as tempting as it might be to dive right into calculations, resist that temptation. There are few people in the world who can write an essay AND read it aloud simultaneously. But that’s exactly what you end up doing when you try to answer the question immediately.
So instead, ask for a few minutes to gather your thoughts and then jot down a quick outline like this one:
Assumptions
Only building windows
3 main categories
NYC: 10M
Apartments: 3 windows/person
Categories
Residential
Retail
Office
Calculations
Residential: 10M x 3 windows/person
Retail
Office
Total
That way, you get both the time to think analytically and the organization to communicate clearly. And no, interviewers aren’t going to mark you down for taking a timeout. Because, again, they need someone who can do the job — and very few tech jobs involve solving brainteasers live, on-stage!
4) Give a Roadmap
With your outline in-hand, it’s time to give your interviewer a roadmap to your answer. That’s because so many answers go off the rails when you think you’re being clear but the interviewer is totally lost.
Thus, you say:
“OK, so I’m going to solve this problem in three steps. First I’m going to name my assumptions. Next, I’m going to break the problem into relevant categories. And finally, I’m going to make calculations for each category.”
Now, the interviewer can keep track of your progress at every step (“OK, she just laid out her assumptions. Check!”). And, as a bonus, you come across as way more organized and analytical.
5) State Your Assumptions
As mentioned up-front, these questions rarely have one right answer. I mean, even the mayor of New York doesn’t know exactly how many windows are in his city!
So instead of getting caught up in the search for an illusory truth, just make some logical assumptions. And then, most importantly, name and justify your assumptions.
For instance, you might say:
“When it comes to apartment windows, I’m going to assume that there are three windows per resident. That’s because I’ve lived in a lot of two-person apartments that had six windows, on average. And so three per person feels about right.”
While this might seem like relatively flimsy evidence, the critical word here is “because.” That’s because (wink!) psychology research has shown that people are significantly more likely to accept something with a justification attached. And it makes you look more organized, to boot!
6) Break the Problem Down
Now, these questions are often so massive that trying to solve them in one fell swoop can be downright ridiculous. So, instead, break them down into easy-to-digest parts.
In this case, you can offer an answer like this:
“OK, since buildings in New York are so different, I’m going to look at the three main categories of buildings separately: Residential, Retail, and Office.”
And now, the question that once looked freakishly scary has become quasi-reasonable — and you get to flex your analytical biceps!
7) Round!
While knowing that there were 8.406 million people in New York in 2013 might help you win Trivia Night at the demographers’ bar, trying to multiply 8.406 times anything is a recipe for disaster. So do yourself a big favor and round to the juiciest whole number you can think of:
“Alright, I’m going to say there are about 10 million people living in New York, give or take a million…”
Again, no one’s testing your Rain Man skills. And this will pay off big time when you’re ready to…
8) Calculate on Paper
It might feel safer to do your calculations in your head so the interviewer can’t see your crummy arithmetic skills. But that’s just nuts — again, who can pull off 27 different mental calculations while simultaneously obeying the 95 rules of interview etiquette?
So skip the Math Olympiad stuff and show your work on paper or a whiteboard, step-by-step:
“OK, there are 10 million people in NYC. So I’m going to multiply that times 3 windows per person to get 30 million residential windows. Now let’s move on to retail…”
Now, even if you do mess up, you have the visibility to stop yourself before your errors snowball into an avalanche.
Get ready to break into tech.
Your complete guide to tech career success is here - from the first application to the last interview.
9) Offer Caveats
So you’ve finally reached an answer (see my complete solution and all my tech interview techniques). Congrats — you’re done, right?
Not so fast!
Remember that these questions aren’t about the answer — instead, they’re about the process. So before you drop the microphone, take one last chance to show off your curiosity and analytical chops by caveating your answer:
“So that’s my answer. But I’m not totally happy with it because I completely neglected development trends in the city. I basically assumed that every building was your typical old-school New York office or apartment, with relatively few windows. But all the new buildings are 100% glass, which suggests that this number is probably on the low side.”
And now, at last, you’re done. Which leaves you just enough time to figure out how much that school bus weighs after all…
